Market Exchange Rates in Syria
Syria’s monetary policy has gone through multiple phases since the 2011 conflict. While the Central Bank of Syria (CBS) in Damascus has long relied on multiple exchange rates, the picture became far more complex after the economic meltdown that accelerated in 2019.
Since then, numerous exchange rates have been in effect, each applying to certain types of transactions with the aim of maximizing the Bank’s access to hard currency. One of the exchange rates applies to humanitarian implementers, who came to play a pivotal role in the economy as state institutions and the private sector failed to respond to the deteriorating humanitarian conditions.
Chief among these humanitarian implementers is the United Nations, which administers a multi-billion dollar response in the country, often exceeding all public revenues combined. The rate imposed on the UN has mostly, but not always, been identical to the rate imposed on bank transfers. In August 2023, however, the CBS introduced the “Official Market Rate,” which now applies to two earlier CBS exchange rates (merging and renaming) as well as UN transfers.
The multiplicity of exchange rates, with their changing names and applications, have caused much confusion. To help researchers, policymakers, and the public, leading Syrian political economist Dr. Karam Shaar has devised two interactive tools with the support of Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
The first tool tracks the various exchange rates in effect by the Central Bank at any point in time since 2011. It also plots the average black market exchange rate, which Dr. Shaar has been tracking since January 2021, and the rate applicable to the UN as listed on their website. The interactive tool automatically updates once every hour to reflect a timely picture.
The second tool, which will be released soon, focuses on the losses incurred by donor states from the CBS exchange rate imposed on humanitarian aid spending in regime-held Syria relative to the rate governed by supply and demand and prevailing in the black market rate. This tool intends to help policymakers track the gap in their attempt to close it altogether, an endeavor that has been partly successful in recent months.
To access the first tool, please visitOfficial and Black Market USD to SYP Exchange Rates in Syria | Karam Shaar.