KAS
Disinformation and its dissemination have reached new dimensions in the digital age and can not only cause social divisions but also endanger our democracy.
What is disinformation?
We speak of disinformation when facts are deliberately freely invented, manipulated, misinterpreted and deliberately circulated by various methods. In everyday life, we like to use the term "fake news" for everything that somehow seems wrong or dubious to us. Unfortunately, the term has thus become a political fighting term ("You are fake news!"). The scientific umbrella term is therefore "disinformation", fake news is subordinate to this and one of many types of manipulation.
What types of manipulation of disinformation are there?
Fake News
Fake News is false and/or misleading information circulated with the intention of harming a person, institutions or organisations. Various rumours and false reports are provided with fake "evidence" and combined into one news item. Corresponding contributions from other users flow into the supposed "chain of evidence". In this way, entire fake plots can be created. Often, pictures are simply taken out of context in order to deliberately change a story.
Deep Fakes
Social Bots
Trolle
"Belastungsprobe für die Demokratie – Kampf gegen Desinformation und Narrative"
Workshop Cafe Kyiv
3Q
Disinformation as a weapon in the information war
The Russian war of aggression against Ukraine once again shows the military importance of the information space. The Russian Federation, but also other authoritarian countries, try to influence public opinion in their favour and destabilise democratic societies through disinformation. Especially in times of war, it becomes apparent that disinformation can be used and spread as a weapon in a targeted manner. For example, many reports about Russian attacks are based on pictures and videos that people on the ground take with their mobile devices and spread on social media such as TikTok or via messenger services. Such images and videos shape the information space and can be crucial for disinformation or information of attackers, defenders or the population. They affect morale and provide information about the latest developments in the war.
Disinformation shakes trust in media
Moreover, broad-based disinformation campaigns can have a corrosive effect: By shaking trust in information and its truthfulness, controlled campaigns have the power to affect the credibility of even genuinely trustworthy sources of information. Disinformation can contribute to a considerable questioning of the self-image of journalistic work, its reliability and transparency.
Disinformation manipulates public opinion
Especially in the run-up to elections, disinformation can create a particular political impact, with the aim of manipulating social discussions or degrading the reputation of a person or institution. Politically motivated campaigns are organised either directly by state actors or by mandated non-state actors. In countries without stable democratic conditions, for example, content can also be disseminated by state-controlled media, statements amplified and the political opinion-forming of the population considerably impaired.
Defamation and disparagement are sometimes publicly exposed afterwards as hate speech, but doubts and mistrust often remain. Corrections and truths in the course of once spread disinformation do not reach all consumers of disinformation again.
Society and state need resilience
The forms of disinformation and the way it is disseminated will also "evolve" as the digital transformation continues - it will be a perpetual race between new techniques and practices and new rules or measures to draw boundaries.
To make democracies resilient and steadfast against disinformation, strategic communication is needed alongside independent media, good journalism.
Digital and media literacy must be developed across generations. Through systematic education, state institutions and authorities, as well as journalists in particular, can contribute through their reporting to pointing out the power of "disinformation" and the importance of the information space, and thus to taking action against it.
Java method "de.usu.kas.frontend.service.impl.common.KASArticleServiceImpl.getMarginalPublication(long, com.liferay.portal.kernel.theme.ThemeDisplay)" threw an exception when invoked on de.usu.kas.frontend.service.impl.common.KASArticleServiceImpl object "de.usu.kas.frontend.service.impl.common.KASArticleServiceImpl@3ef2de38"; see cause exception in the Java stack trace.
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FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related):
- Failed at: #local pub = FrontendService.article... [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" in macro "AMMarginalArticlePublication" at line 75, column 5]
- Reached through: @AMMarginalArticlePublication assetEntry [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" in macro "AMMarginalArticle" at line 66, column 9]
- Reached through: @AMMarginalArticle entry [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" in macro "AMMarginalArticleFilteredList" at line 182, column 9]
- Reached through: @AMMarginalArticleFilteredList "WCS_K... [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" in macro "AMMarginalLinks" at line 293, column 21]
~ Reached through: #nested [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" in macro "AMSegmentWithIcon" at line 174, column 9]
~ Reached through: @AMSegmentWithIcon "#icon-publication... [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" in macro "AMMarginalLinks" at line 292, column 17]
- Reached through: @AMMarginalLinks data [in template "kas-de-theme_SERVLET_CONTEXT_/templates/macros/page-modules/PMMarginalspalte.ftl" in macro "PMMarginalspalte" at line 788, column 17]
- Reached through: @PMMarginalspalte "ADT_KASDE_MARGINAL... [in template "252001#252047#252853" at line 139, column 5]
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1<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/functions/relatedContentUtil.ftl" />
2<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/functions/freemarkerUtil.ftl" />
3<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/debugging.ftl" />
4<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/functions/liferayServicesUtil.ftl" />
5
6<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/page-modules/PMNavigation.ftl" />
7<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/page-modules/PMMarginalspalte.ftl" />
8<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMVenue.ftl" />
9<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalContent.ftl" />
10<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMPricing.ftl" />
11<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMPerson.ftl" />
12<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMMediaElement.ftl" />
13<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMDatetime.ftl" />
14<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMMap.ftl" />
15<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMMarginalLinks.ftl" />
16<#include "${fullTemplatesPath}/macros/atomic-modules/AMCollapsibleListItem.ftl" />
17
18<#assign
19 JournalArticleLocalService = getJournalArticleLocalService()
20
21
22
23 themeDisplay = getThemeDisplay()
24 languageId = themeDisplay.getLocale()
25 editmode = FrontendService.user.isPrivilegedUser(themeDisplay)
26
27 groupId = themeDisplay.getScopeGroupId()
28 currentUrl = themeDisplay.getURLCurrent()
29
30 layout = themeDisplay.getLayout()
31 layouttpl = layout.getTypeSettingsProperties().getProperty("layout-template-id")
32
33 isMicrosite = FrontendService.site.isMicrosite(groupId)!false
34/>
35
36<#-- Veranstaltungen-Detail, Publikationen-Detail -->
37<#if currentUrl?contains("/-/content") >
38
39 <#assign journalArticle = FrontendService.article.getArticleToUrl(currentUrl, groupId?number)! >
40
41 <#if journalArticle?has_content>
42 <#if journalArticle.resourcePrimKey??>
43 <#assign primaryKey = journalArticle.resourcePrimKey?number >
44 <#elseif journalArticle.classPK??>
45 <#assign primaryKey = journalArticle.classPK?number >
46 </#if>
47
48 <#assign
49 jsonString = FrontendService.article.getWebcontent(primaryKey)
50 json = FrontendService.json.parseAsJson(jsonString)
51 />
52
53
54 <@debugJsonString jsonString "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE" />
55
56 <#if hasContent('title', locale, json)>
57 <#assign
58 pageName = ""
59 title = " - " + getValueForLanguage("title", languageId, json, "first")
60 />
61 <#if isMicrosite >
62 <#assign
63 pageGroup = layout.getGroup()
64 pageName = " - " + htmlUtil.escape(pageGroup.getDescriptiveName())
65 />
66 </#if>
67
68 </#if>
69
70 <#assign content = getMarginalContent(json, locale, primaryKey, FrontendService, JournalArticleLocalService, themeDisplay) >
71
72
73 <#if hasContent('ausgebucht', locale, json)>
74 <#assign content = content + { "ausgebucht" : getValueForLanguage('ausgebucht', locale, json, "first") }>
75 </#if>
76
77 <#if hasContent('storniert', locale, json)>
78 <#assign content = content + { "storniert" : getValueForLanguage('storniert', locale, json, "first") }>
79 </#if>
80
81 <#if hasContent('document_pdfDMTBASICDOCUMENT', locale, json)>
82 <#assign
83 pdfDocumentString = getValueForLanguage('document_pdfDMTBASICDOCUMENT', locale, json, "first")
84 pdfDocument = FrontendService.json.parseAsJson(pdfDocumentString)
85 fileEntry = FrontendService.media.getFileEntry(pdfDocument.uuid, pdfDocument.groupId?number)!/>
86 <#if fileEntry?has_content>
87 <#assign
88 linkToThumbnail = FrontendService.link.getThumbnailSrc(fileEntry , themeDisplay)
89 covermedia = getDefaultMediaObject(linkToThumbnail, "pdf cover")
90 covermedia = covermedia + {"hrefSource" : content.pdfBasicDocumentUrl.url }
91 content = content + { "covermedia": covermedia }
92 />
93 </#if>
94 </#if>
95
96 <#if layouttpl?contains("LAYOUT_KASDE_VERANSTALTUNGEN_DETAIL")>
97 <#assign calendar = FrontendService.event.createCalendarFile(primaryKey, locale) />
98 <#assign content = content + {"calendar": calendar } />
99 </#if>
100 <#elseif (editmode?? && editmode)>
101 <@errorMessage languageUtil.get(locale, "kein.journalArticle.gefunden") "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE" layouttpl />
102 </#if>
103
104<#-- Themen-Detail and others -->
105<#else>
106 <#-- content in marginalspalte -->
107 <#if entries?has_content>
108 <#assign
109 entry = entries?first
110 primaryKey = entry.classPK?number
111
112 jsonString = FrontendService.article.getWebcontent(primaryKey)
113 json = FrontendService.json.parseAsJson(jsonString)
114 />
115 <@debugJsonString jsonString "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE" />
116 <@debugJson json "MARGINALSPALTE_CONTENT_JSON" />
117
118 <#assign content = getMarginalContent(json, locale, primaryKey, FrontendService, JournalArticleLocalService, themeDisplay) >
119 <#elseif (editmode?? && editmode)>
120 <@errorMessage languageUtil.get(locale, "es.existieren.keine.entries") "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE" layouttpl />
121 </#if>
122</#if>
123
124
125<#if content??>
126 <#if layouttpl?contains("LAYOUT_KASDE_VERANSTALTUNGEN_DETAIL")>
127 <#assign type = "veranstaltung" />
128
129 <#elseif layouttpl?contains("LAYOUT_KASDE_PUBLIKATIONEN_DETAIL")>
130 <#assign type = "publikation" />
131 <#elseif layouttpl?contains("LAYOUT_KASDE_THEMEN_DETAIL")>
132 <#assign type = "thema" />
133 <#else>
134 <#assign type = "default" />
135 </#if>
136
137 <#assign content = content + {"type": type } />
138 <@debugJsonString content "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE_CONTENT" />
139 <@PMMarginalspalte "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE" content AMArticle AMPerson AMVenue AMPricing AMMediaElement AMDatetime AMMap AMMarginalContent AMMarginalLinks/>
140<#elseif (editmode?? && editmode)>
141 <@errorMessage languageUtil.get(locale, "entries.enthalten.keinen.content") "ADT_KASDE_MARGINALSPALTE" layouttpl />
142</#if>
Publications to the topic
Digital Plague: Disinformation and Fake News in Southeast Europe
New Study by the KAS Media Programme Southeast Europe
Adobe Stock / Oleksiy Oliinyk
Manipulation and Disinformation in the Metaverse
What Are the Challenges and How to Counter Them?
Adobe / Pixel-Shot
Which News Can Still Be Trusted?
Fear of Fake News and Trust in Public Media – A Representative Survey
KAS
Stress Test for Democracy - Fighting Disinformation and Narratives
Workshop Cafe Kyiv
Max Volz
The Role of (social) Media in Modern Warfare
Side Event of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung at the Munich Security Conference
Publication: "Authoritarians on a Media Offensive in the Midst of War"
KAS/yellow too