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Country Reports

Russia's Demographic Policy in the Context of the War

by Dr. Thomas Kunze, Christopher Hess, Leonardo Salvador

Long-term challenges for the Russian Federation

This country report explores the demographic policies of Russia in the context of the war in Ukraine. It traces Russia's demographic changes over the past century, from the Tsarist era to the present Russian Federation, and discusses the various measures the government has taken to address the demographic challenges, especially the declining birth rate. The conflict with Ukraine has introduced additional challenges, including the loss of life and mass migrations. While government initiatives have shown some positive results, the demographic situation remains complex and precarious, with regional disparities, urbanization, and external factors influencing the population dynamics.

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Russia's demographic policy amid the context of the Ukraine conflict presents intricate challenges. The nation, similar to Western societies, confronts the multifaceted impacts of demographic shifts, encompassing potential economic losses due to workforce and consumer reduction, an aging population structure leading to increased pension and healthcare costs, and potential innovation slowdown. The Ukraine conflict introduces an additional dimension to these demographic issues, causing casualties and the flight of up to a million individuals seeking to evade mobilization.

The historical backdrop of Russia's population evolution mirrors its political and economic transformations. Different phases, from pre-revolutionary times to the Soviet era, demonstrate varying growth and decline patterns influenced by war, famine, and policy changes. Despite the initial decline in the 1990s, efforts to increase birth rates yielded short-term positive results through a stabilized economy, a supportive social climate, and government initiatives like maternity capital. Nevertheless, varying birth rates persist based on regions and ethnicities.

While some Muslim communities experience population growth, the overall demographic situation remains complex. Efforts to enhance birth rates through initiatives like the "Demography" National Project continue, but population growth remains mixed due to immigration offsetting natural decline. The ongoing Ukraine conflict exacerbates challenges, resulting in a notable youth exodus and skilled professional departure. The projection of Russia's population decline to 130 million by 2050 aligns with European trends, with consequences encompassing social, economic, and political spheres. The potential loss of skilled professionals could hamper Russia's innovation and economic potential.

The full-length publication is only available in German.

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Dr. Thomas Kunze

Dr.ThomasKunze_zuschnitt

Representative Office in Albania

thomas.kunze@kas.de +355 422 66 525

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The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung is a political foundation. Our offices abroad are in charge of over 200 projects in more than 120 countries. The country reports offer current analyses, exclusive evaluations, background information and forecasts - provided by our international staff.