Throughout the paper, Dr. Jauad El Kharraz highlights the rising temperatures and heightened risks of extreme weather events such as heat waves, sandstorms, and flash floods that Egypt is experiencing. He also looks at sea level rise, which poses a significant threat to coastal regions, particularly the vulnerable Nile Delta, where agricultural land and infrastructure are at risk of inundation. Moreover, the paper highlights the increasing frequency and severity of water scarcity and droughts, impacting various sectors including agriculture, health, and tourism. Against this backdrop, Dr. Jauad El Kharraz emphasizes the challenges faced by the agriculture industry, which pose risks to food security and livelihoods.

 

In response to these challenges, Egypt has formulated a National Climate Change Strategy 2050, as discussed by Dr. Jauad El Kharraz. The strategy aims to enhance energy efficiency, promote sustainable economic growth, and diversify energy sources. It focuses on increasing resilience, improving governance, enhancing financing mechanisms, and advancing scientific research and technology transfer.  Furthermore, Dr. Jauad El Kharraz discusses Egypt's emissions context, noting a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions over the past decade, primarily from energy and industrial sectors. However, Egypt is taking steps to transition to renewable energy sources, with ambitious targets to increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix.

 

In terms of adaptation measures, Dr. Jauad El Kharraz explores water conservation efforts, infrastructure development, and collaboration with neighbouring countries to manage shared water resources. The paper also discusses investments in modern irrigation systems, renewable energy for water desalination, and public awareness campaigns on water scarcity.

 

In conclusion, the paper underscores the importance for Egypt to continue to strengthen its adaptation and mitigation efforts. It suggests enhancing public participation, improving environmental monitoring capabilities, and implementing cross-sectoral climate-smart solutions. Leveraging outcomes from international climate conferences like COP27 can accelerate progress towards achieving climate resilience and sustainability in Egypt and the wider region.