The Arab Awakening or Arab Spring has changed the geopolitical landscape.
At a glance
- Since the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, almost all states in the Middle East and North Africa have experienced radical political and social processes of change.
- There was no sustainable democratisation of the region. Rather, geopolitical and identity-based conflicts broke out, which led to millions of refugees, radicalisation and political instability.
- Yet, the change is not over everywhere. Social and economic transformations are taking place in many places. The royal dynasties, which are preparing their countries for a time after the energy transition, are now considered a driving force behind this.
- The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung observes, analyses and supports ongoing transformation processes in the region through the work of its local country office and from its headquarters in Berlin.
Content
1. Temporary failure of the democracy movement
2. From the “will of the people” to modernisation from the top
3. Ongoing processes of transition
4. Our offers and projects on the topic
5. Publications, events and media contributions on the topic
Almost all countries in the Middle East and North Africa have experienced far-reaching social and political transformations over the past few years. Starting with the so-called Arab Spring that began with a wave of protests in the Tunisian hinterland in December 2011, and swiftly reached cities such as Tunis, Cairo or Damascus. The calls of the predominantly young protesters for “bread, freedom, dignity” on the Avenue Bourguiba in Tunis and the Tahrir Square in Cairo, resonated with large swatches of the Arabic world and led to widespread upheaval within the region. Within one-year, authoritarian rulers in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and in Yemen, who had ruled their countries for decades, were toppled.
Temporary failure of the democracy movement: freedom is scarcely worth anything without economic success
Swift democratisation and a spring-like blossoming of the region did not follow, however. Instead, it became clear that: without economic development, freedom has hardly any value at all. Hence, since a coup d’état in 2021, the region’s former democratic trailblazer, Tunisia, is a prime example of the temporary failure of democracy movements in the region.
Elsewhere, the outcome of the 2011 protests is bleaker still. There were many places where geopolitical and identity-based conflict lines erupted, protests were violently suppressed and frustration led to radicalisation and instability. Political violence and escalating conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and Libya forced millions of people to flee to neighbouring countries and to Europe.
From the “will of the people” to modernisation from the top: royal dynasties as drivers of social transformation
Whereas the dictatorial sham democracies were still the epicentre of social protests in 2011, ten years later, the royal dynasties are major drivers of social transformation in the region. The “Saudi Vision 2030” initiated by Saudi Crown Prince Mohamed Bin Salman, which has gradually opened a previously isolated country to investors, tourists and even its own society, is symbolic of many initiatives of Gulf monarchies that are preparing for a time following the energy transition.
Morocco’s development strategy looks similarly ambitious, and aims to comprehensively transform the North African country both socially and economically. Jordan, as the only Levantine monarchy, is focusing on cautious political reforms, which, however, are mainly being interpreted as “protest prevention”.
Ongoing processes of transition: the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung is intensively monitoring and accompanying the process
The dispute between citizens in the Middle East and North Africa and their political elites about demands concerning a modern state and the future of their societies continues. The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) accompanies this ongoing process of transformation via the work of its country offices in the region and from the headquarters in Berlin. In 2021, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung also used the ten-year anniversary of the “Arab Spring” as an occasion for the extensive appraisal of the manifold and protracted transition processes in the Middle East and North Africa.
The fundamental issues addressed here have lost none of their validity. Why did the “Arab Spring” fail in so many countries? Nevertheless, where can we see signs of democratic change? What future do young people wish for in the region today? How can participation and representation be organised in the societies of the region? Can Germany and Europe play a role here, too?
Protests in Iran
The violent death of the 22-year-old Iranian Kurdish woman, Jina Mahsa Amin, caused by the brutality of the notorious morality police, has triggered a wave of indignation since mid-September 2022 that suddenly burst into widespread protests on the streets.
What began as a show of solidarity and a rejection of rigorous violence by the morality police quickly developed into a serious challenge for the Iranian regime owing to its spread to large parts of the county, and the emergence of calls for more rights and freedoms. The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung is observing the situation in Iran from the headquarters in Berlin and its country offices within the region, and provides information about current developments in the county on a dedicated page
The Conflict in Yemen
Despite attracting little public attention, a bloody civil and proxy war is raging in Yemen in the wake of a transition process initiated by the Arab Spring. The violent power struggle has led to a major humanitarian crisis in recent years, for which there is currently little hope of serious improvement. The problem and conflict situations are and continue to be complex. Nevertheless, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung endeavours to comprehensively analyse the conflict in Yemen, and to bring together experts and decision-makers from Germany and the region so as to seek political solutions.
Podcasts
The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung publishes podcast episodesdevoted to developments in the Middle East and North Africa at irregular intervals.
Berlin Mideast Podcast
With our regional podcast series “Berlin Mideast Podcast”, we examine and analyse at irregular intervals the current situation and important developments in the Near and Middle East. Here, we place a special focus on issues such as the position of women in the Islamic world, or the role of Arab armies in the region’s political systems. Of course, we also consider the situational advancements and set-backs more than one decade since the onset of the “Arab Spring”.
Virtual art exhibition
With a virtual art exhibition, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung together with its partner, the “I have Learned Academy”, has created a platform for artists from the Middle East and North Africa to present works focusing on problems and challenges in their region.
Arts and Politics
“Arts and Politics” is a virtual art exhibition that approaches current societal trends in the Middle East and North Africa via installations, graffiti and videos. Artists from Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Tunisia use their work to portray the challenges of their home countries.
Publications to the topic
IMAGO / SOPA Images
A Window of Opportunity for Syria
After more than 50 years, the rule of the Assad family is coming to an end. This is cause for celebration. But Syria faces huge challenges.
IMAGO / ANP
The first summit between the EU and GCC ends without breakthroughs
Strategic partnership with little results
Expert discussion: KAS-PSR discuss findings of Public Opinion Poll No. 92
More than 60% report losing family members in Gaza
IMAGO / Pond5 Images
European assistance for crisis-ridden Lebanon
Lebanese and international criticism of the EU's new aid package is exaggerated
Expert discussion: KAS-PSR discuss findings of Public Opinion Poll No. 91
Humanitarian conditions in Gaza worsen, support for Hamas declines
IMAGO / Manfred Segerer
Escalation in the Red Sea
The military dimension, the deployment of the Bundeswehr and the calculus of regional players
IMAGO / Xinhua
Kuwait Before a Generational Change
A new era might dawn after the death of Emir Nawaf
picture alliance/dpa | Fabian Sommer
Attack on Israel
Hamas attack shakes the Jewish state and raises questions about the country's security and future.
IMAGO / Xinhua
Regional normalisation – Syrian perspectives
Turkish and Arab attempts to establish a new foundation for their relationship with Syria are viewed with concern especially in areas outside of the regime’s control.
Middle East Reactions to the First Year of the Biden Administration
A publication by the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Israel and the Moshe Dayan Center.
Shutterstock / Sadik Gulec
Crisis of legitimacy or glimmer of hope?
Iraq ahead of the parliamentary elections on October 10th, 2021
Aziz Taher, Reuters
Ten Years After the “Arab Spring” – What Does the Region Think Today?
A Survey of Public Opinion in the Middle East and North Africa
Event Reports on the topic
Thomas Ehlen
"Wir sollten auch für die beten, die uns hassen."
Christen im Heiligen Land / Eine Bilanz des Fuldaer Gesprächs 28. Mai 2024
kas.de
Israels Perspektiven 75 Jahre nach Staatsgründung
Eine Bilanz des 41. #HessenKAS Facebook-Live vom 10.05.2023
MSC/Jens Hartmann
"Zeitenwende" in the Eastern Mediterranean?
Discussion Event of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung at the Munich Security Conference
Ich werde nicht hassen: Meine Töchter starben, meine Hoffnung lebt weiter
Die Geschichte von Prof. Izzeldin Abuelaish
Thomas Ehlen / kas.de
Sechs Wochen vor der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft
Politische und wirtschaftliche Potenziale in Katar und den Nachbarstaaten am Persischen Golf / Eine Bilanz des Wiesbadener Tischgesprächs 10. Oktober 2022
Johanna Frank
Hoffnung für Syrien
Experten diskutierten über Lösungen und Perspektiven des Weltkonfliktes
„Die Entwicklung des Landes ist bemerkenswert“
Stellvertretender Generalsekretär Dr. Gerhard Wahlers trifft den tunesischen Staatspräsidenten Essebsi
Politische Lösungen im Jemen gesucht
Fachgespräch zur sozio-ökonomischen und humanitären Lage im Jemen
Den Dialog wieder in den Blick nehmen
Potsdamer Forum "Politik & Sicherheit" zu den Entwicklungen in der Türkei
"Brüderliche Zukunft?!" Herausforderungen und Perspektiven der deutsch-israelischen Beziehungen
Eine Bilanz des Frankfurter Gesprächs 6. März 2017
"Nur durch Dialog soll das Volk zum Frieden gelangen"
Friedensnobelpreisträgerin Ouided Bouchamaoui sprach über Tunesiens Erneuerung
Media library
