Precisely nothing is repeated in history. But still, facts and periods that resemble one another often repeat themselves in a certain sense, and history is and remains a teacher for responsible statesmen.
At a glance
- Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the National Socialists established a totalitarian regime within a very short period of
- From the very beginning, the regime employed terror and persecution against Jews and political dissidents. This systematic approach culminated in the mass extermination of European Jews.
- The Second World War was planned by the National Socialists as a war of ideology and extermination, as manifested in the inconceivable radicalisation of the war.
- It was not until their unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 that the National Socialists’ twelve-year reign of terror ended.
- The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung considers one of its central tasks to be the academic and political examination of Nazi tyranny and the history of resistance against National Socialism.
Content
1. The end of the Weimar democracy
2. Enforced social conformity and race mania in the Nazi state
4. Resistance against National Socialism
5. Our democracy is in distress
7. Our offers and projects on the topic
8. Publications, events and media contributions on the topic
It is the darkest chapter in German history: The end of the Weimar Republic gave way to the tyranny of the National Socialists. It brought terror, war and destruction.
The end of the Weimar democracy
On 30 January 1933, the Reich President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Reich Chancellor. If those responsible across party lines had hoped that this would create political stability, it soon became clear that the concept of “taming” was destined to failure. Within a very short time, the National Socialists established a totalitarian regime under the smokescreen of a sham legitimacy: With the “Decree for the Protection of the People and State” dated 28 February 1933, the persecution of political opponents was legalised.
The Enabling Act adopted by the Reichstag on 23 March 1933 definitively rescinded the Weimar Constitution. Following prohibitions of the KPD and the SPD as well as dismantling of trade unions in May 1933, the remaining parties dissolved themselves over the coming weeks without putting up any significant resistance.
Enforced social conformity and race mania in the Nazi state
In conjunction with enforced political conformity, the National Socialists strived to achieve enforced social conformity from the very beginning, too. The entire society was to be covered by the NSDAP and its branches as well as sub-organisations. However, terror and persecution were not only directed against political dissidents, but also against all those who did not conform to the National Socialist “racial ideal”. Thus, the persecution of the Jews was also part of the terror regime from the outset. Systematic exclusion and disenfranchisement were followed by dehumanisation, which finally reached its climax in the factory-like extermination of European Jews.
Second World War
Ultimately, the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” was closely linked to the violent capture of “living space in the East”: With the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Hitler had unleashed the Second World War. The campaign against the Soviet Union, which began in June 1941, was planned from the start as an ideological world view and racial-biological war of extermination, and led to an inconceivable radicalisation of the war. On 8 May 1945, the National Socialist’s regime of terror ended with the unconditional surrender of the Wehrmacht.
Resistance against National Socialism
Even though the vast majority of Germans went along with the establishment of tyranny, enforced social conformity, the persecution of Jews and the war – whether out of conviction or through fear of personal consequences – there were those who resisted the unjust regime. They came from various social classes and political camps and also had very different motives and ideas. They were all united, however, by the fact that they were prepared to risk their own life and that of their family for their convictions, which were in contradiction to the National Socialist regime.
Our democracy is in distress
Tyranny, terror, war, destruction – all this should never be repeated. Against the background of a twelve-year reign of terror by the National Socialists, which had cost millions of people their lives, liberal parliamentary democracy was re-established in the Western part of Allied-occupied Germany after 1945. For a long time, the history of the German Federal Republic was deemed to be a unique success story.
Today, some 80 years after the end of the war and more than 30 years after the fall of the Wall, cracks are appearing. It shows that democracy, freedom and human rights, peace and prosperity cannot be taken for granted. Left- and right-wing extremists are attempting to undermine the foundations of liberal society. Attacks on Jews, attacks on synagogues and Jewish cemeteries are on the rise. At the same time, a debate has flared up about the singularity of the Holocaust. AfD supporters above all downplay the dictatorship and relativise the crimes of the National Socialist terror regime.
Learning from history
All this shows that it is now more important than ever to know about history and learn from it. Only in this way is it possible to draw the right conclusions and counter new extremist dangers. The academic and political analysis of National Socialist tyranny belongs to the key tasks of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Together with cooperation partners from society and academia, we pursue the relevant research questions.
Resistance Against National Socialism
With their resistance, opposition members accepted great personal risks. The motives, goals and forms of resistance were diverse.
Event series
In the framework of events, seminars and competitions, we get into conversation with young people and hold discussions with academics and the last living contemporary witnesses. We thus build bridges between the past and the present – to ensure that our liberal democracy remains strong in future.
DenkTag
Since 1996, the 27 January has been an official day of remembrance for the victims of National Socialism in Germany. For many years, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung has taken this day as on occasion to implement a series of Germany-wide projects and events. In numerous federal states, readings and talks with contemporary witnesses take place or exhibitions are organised.
Forum 20 July 1944 – Legacy and Future Mission
With the “20 July 1944 – Legacy and Future Mission” event series, the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung honours resistance fighters against National Socialism and keeps their memory alive.
Publications to the topic
Stefan Stahlberg / Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.
Gedenken an den Widerstand vom 20. Juli 1944: Einstehen für Freiheit, Menschlichkeit und Rechtsstaat
Wie sich die Anerkennung von Umsturzversuch und Stauffenberg-Attentat entwickelt hat und warum das Einschreiten der Widerstandskämpfer für unsere Demokratie so wertvoll sein kann
KAS Frankreich
80 years of D-Day
Looking backward and looking forward to French, European and Franco-German remembrance culture
Leonine Studios
Auschwitz: Zum Nebeneinander von Verbrechen und "Normalität"
Wie Auschwitz zum Zentrum des Holocaust wurde und warum das vermeintlich idyllische Familienleben der Täter das Morden beförderte
akg-images / WHA / World History ArchWHAi
Eine neue Dimension der Judenverfolgung
Die Novemberpogrome 1938 im Deutschen Reich
DPM
Glaube und Aberglaube
Eine ambivalente Überblicksdarstellung zur Bedeutung von Religion im „Dritten Reich“
Ralph Fautz
In Schindlers Schatten. Emilie Schindler erzählt ihre Geschichte
Die Historikerin und Autorin Erika Rosenberg zu Gast in Südbaden
Jüdischer Rettungswiderstand: Überleben im Untergrund
Wie Juden 1941 bis 1945 in Deutschland untertauchten, Widerstand leisteten und Hilfe erhielten
SZ Photo
Der Deutsch-Sowjetische Krieg – Geschichte und Erinnerung
Mit dem Überfall auf die Sowjetunion am 22. Juni 1941 eröffnete das Deutsche Reich einen mit äußerster Brutalität geführten Angriffskrieg, dem Millionen Menschen zum Opfer fielen.
George (Jürgen) Wittenstein / akg-images
Vorbild mit Widersprüchen
Zum 100. Geburtstag von Sophie Scholl (* 9. Mai 1921 in Forchtenberg, † 22. Februar 1943 in München)
Helene v. Bismarck
„Der Zweite Weltkrieg prägt die britische Haltung gegenüber Europa“
KASkonkret_#32: Unsere Interviewreihe zu Fragen der Zeit
M.Świerczyński, Wikipedia
Der Zweite Weltkrieg in der polnischen Geschichtskultur
Dokumentation der Potsdamer Geschichtslecture vom 22. Oktober 2019
Event Reports on the topic
„Eine der größten Gefahren für die Demokratie ist politische Ignoranz“
Forum 20. Juli 1944: Bundespräsident a.D. Christian Wulff sprach zum 80. Jahrestag über die Erinnerung an den Umsturzversuch und seine Bedeutung in der Gegenwart
KAS - Luis Brückner
Angesichts der Katastrophe
Mit Gernot Blume am Jüdischen Gymnasium Moses Mendelssohn
"Der ungewöhnlichste Film über den Holocaust"
Zeithistorische Filmreihe: „The Zone of Interest“ in Kooperation mit Leonine Studios
„Es lässt sich besser anknüpfen an das Leben als an Tod und Vernichtung.“
Shelly Kupferberg las in der Reihe kulturgeschichten aus ihrem Buch "Isidor" (2022, Diogenes) vor knapp 70 Gästen in der Akademie der KAS
Erika Rosenberg: Vermächtnis der Schindlers
„Zivilcourage, Mut, Tapferkeit Unbesungener Helden Emilie und Oskar Schindler“
KAS Bremen
Die Besonderheiten des ehemaligen Konzentrationslagers Bergen-Belsen
Schulexkursionen in die Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen
NS Lager in der Region Weser-Ems
Exkursion mit internationalen Studentinnen und Studenten der Jade Hochschule in Wilhelmshaven und Oldenburg
KAS/Christiane Stahr
„Widerstand aus christlicher Überzeugung“: Dietrich Bonhoeffer und die Bekennende Kirche
Forum 20. Juli 1944: EKD-Ratsvorsitzender a.D. Wolfgang Huber sprach über die evangelische Kirche in der NS-Zeit sowie den widerständigen Theologen Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Die unbezwungenen Helden Oskar und Emilie Schindler
Schulveranstaltung mit Schindler-Biografin Erika Rosenberg
Ohne Frieden ist alles nichts - Was Krieg für Kinder und Jugendliche bedeutet
Schülergipfel des Stadtschülerrats Dresden
Eva Szepesi
"Immer wieder sagte ich mir selbst: Du musst leben, leben, leben."
Gespräch mit Eva Szepesi, Überlebende des Vernichtungslagers Auschwitz-Birkenau
KAS/Bäuml
Die Erinnerung am Leben erhalten – die Bedeutung von Z(w)eitzeugen für unsere Gesellschaft
Veranstaltungsbericht zur Lesung und Diskussion mit Dr. Hermann Simon und Katrin Himmler am 26.01.2023 in der Akademie der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
Media library
